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On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 03 Mei 2013 0 komentar

On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system
Characters from adult morphology are analyzed cladistically to infer the phylogeny of the family Dytiscidae. The analysis is based on examination of 233 species of Dytiscidae and several outgroup taxa including members of Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Carabidae. Members of all currently recognized tribes of Dytiscidae are represented except Anisomeriini Brinck, Hydronebriini Guignot and Carabhydrini Watts. Emphasis is placed on identifying informative characters from the female genital system that comprise 34 of the resulting 101 total characters. The consensus of the most parsimonious trees is well resolved and supports recognition of ten subfamilies of Dytiscidae including; Matinae van den Branden, Laccophilinae Gistel, Coptotominae van den Branden, Copelatinae Erichson, Hydroporinae Aubé, Agabinae Thomson, Colymbetinae Erichson, Lancetinae van den Branden and Dytiscinae Leach.

Sumber:  Insect Systematics & Evolution, Volume 32

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Keragaman dan Distribusi Vertikal Kumbang Tinja Scarabaeids (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) di Hutan Tropis Basah Pegunungan Taman Nasional Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Posted by Unknown Selasa, 30 April 2013 2 komentar

Diversity and Vertical Distributions of Scarabaeids Dungbeetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in The Tropical Mountaineous Rainforest of Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia


SIH KAHONO1, , LILIK KUNDAR SETIADI2
1Laboratorium Entomologi, Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Cibinong 16911
2FMIPA Universitas Nusa Bangsa Bogor


ABSTRACT

Diversity and vertical distributions of scarabaeids dungbeetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were studied in a tropical mountaineous rainforest of Gede Pangrango National Park using dung traps. Samples were collected at four altitudes of 500-1000m, 1001-1500, 1501-2000, and 2001-2500m of five different collection sites (Cibodas, Selabintana, Situ Gunung, Bodogol, and Gunung Putri). 1052 individuals of 28 species of scarabaeid dungbeetles that belongs to five genus were collected. The most diverse groub was the genus Onthophagus, which consists of 21 species (75% of collected species) and followed by Copris with 3 species (10.7%), Paragymnopleurus with 2 species (7.1%), Catarsius with 1 species (3.6%), and Phacosoma with 1 species (3.6%). The Shanon-Winner index of diversity and evenness were gradually declining during the time when altitudes were increasing. Altitude was an important factor in the diversity, abundance, and distribution of dungbeetles. The diversity of dungbeetles at the interval of 1001-1500m and 1501-2000m were not so high but abundance and similarity were high. Diversity index, evenness, abundance, and species similarity of dungbeetles at the interval of 2001-2500m was low because of unfavourable habitat. Although the diversity of dungbeetles at the interval 500-1000m was the highest, however abundance and similarity index were relatively low. Analyse of diversity, abundance, evenness, and similarity of dungbeetles on each of the different altitudes and environment conditions were discussed in this paper.

Key words: diversity, vertical distributions, scarabaeid dungbeetles, Gede Pangrango National Park, Wawonii Island.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.7

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Conservation of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) Through Egg Hatching Modification and Ex Situ Management

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Conservation of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) Through Egg Hatching Modification and Ex Situ Management

YOHAN RUSIYANTONO♥, MOBIUS TANARI, MUHAMAD ILYAS MUMU
Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Departement of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University. Bumi Tadulako Tondo,
JI. Soekarno Hatta km. 9, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tel/Fax. +62-451-429738, ♥email: johan_rus@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT

Rusiyantono Y, Tanari M, Mumu MI (2011) Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management. Biodiversitas 12: 171-176. Over exploitation of maleo bird eggs has become the main problem. In addition, habitat demolition and fragmentation have also caused decrease in maleo bird population. This research aimed to know the effectiveness of hatching pattern to produce maleo breeding, studying breeding pattern of maleo bird through hatching approaches of feed quality and temperature adjustment, and studying maleo bird respond towards caring pattern adjustment by measuring plasticity value. There were two phases in this research. The first phase was hatching by using modified incubator. The other one was the caring of the breeding from the result of hatching through feed pattern management using protein and energy balancing. The results of the research indicated that the hatching success was 65%; however, life endurance of the birds from birth to one month of age was only 40%. Their growth showed sufficiently high increase after passing critical period in their body-weght based on feeding pattern containing 21% of protein that was 64.93 g and 62.59 g for maleo in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) and Bangkiriang Wildlife Reserve (BWR), respectively. Their monthly body-weght increase was 33.06 g in average of feeding pattern containing 13% of protein for LLNP maleo birds and 36.99 g for the maleo in BWR. It was found that feeding pattern containing higher content of protein (21%) promoted significant increase in the body-weight of maleo birds. Feeding such birds with high protein content feed along with sufficient energy triggered their growth speed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that maleo birds could be preserved by way of hatching, while the birds could be fed with feed containing high protein and energy in order to accelerate their growth after hatching.

Key words: maleo, conservation, hatching, daily gain, feed convesion.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.12

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Diversitas dan Ekologi Biawak (Varanus indicus) di Pulau Pepaya Taman Nasional Teluk Cenderawasih, Irian Jaya Barat

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Diversity and Ecology of Varanus indicus in Pepaya Island at Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, West Irian Jaya

DENY ANJELIUS IYAI♥, FREDDY PATTISELANNO
Laboratorium Produksi dan Manajemen Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, Perikanan, dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari 98314, Irian Jaya Barat


ABSTRACT

Monitor lizard (Varanidae) has dispersed widely in Indonesia, even in Papua. Papua contents of six species. It’s distribution, abundance, both in land and island have been known yet, even carrying capacity of feeding relative limited. However, species extinction rates in nature were increasing both in it. This research was done in Papaya Island in Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, Nabire, Papua since 24th -25th October 2005. Descriptive method was done to answer this study. This research resulted that in Papaya island contents only one species that is Varanus indicus. The V. indicus chosen same habitat in southern part of Papaya island. This species dispersed on 0-4 m above sea level, humidity about 78.6%, and temperature about 23.90C. Vegetation was dominated by coconut (Cocos nucifera), bitangur (Calophyllum inophyllum) and tikar (Pandanus sp.), papaya (Carica papaya), and ketapang (Terminalia catappa). V. indicus chosen Megapodius reinwadt nest as nesting area. Population of V. indicus was estimated as much 36.3 ≈ 36 pieces by King Method. The nest of V. indicus placed in Cassuarina sp. tree where cutting down. The diet of V. indicus was found such as megapods, sea birds, lizard (sauria), butterflies and bats (Macrochyroptera). People were caused threatened both direct and indirect toward the V. indicus existence. 

Key words: diversities, ecology, Varanus indicus, Papaya island, Nabire, Papua.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.7

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Diversity of Parasitoid Lepidopterans Larvae on Brassicaceae in West Sumatra

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Diversity of Parasitoid Lepidopterans Larvae on Brassicaceae in West Sumatra

NOVRI NELLY♥, RUSDI RUSLI, YAHERWANDI, FENI YUSMARIKA
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University (UNAND), Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia,
Tel. +62-751-7059580, Fax.: +62-751-7270, e-mail: novrinelly@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT

Nelly N, Rusli R, Yaherwandi, Yusmarika F (2010) Diversity of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Biodiversitas 11: 93-96. Diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae was conducted in several Brassicaceae areas in West Sumatra. The objective of the research was to study the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Sampling was conducted on Brassicaceae plants: cabbage, cauliflower, petsai and sawi. It was taken five samples in every plot, by using W method. Collection technique was done by direct collecting larvae, by using yellow trap and insect net. Adult of parasitoids was identified until family. The result of the research indicated that there was the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans, the highest diversity was found on sawi. The number of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae found was 566, 83 species, 9 families. The degree of parasitation on the three plants was low.

Key words: Brassicaceae, diversity of parasitoid, Lepidoptera.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.11

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Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated with The Banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia

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Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated with The Banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia

ERNIWATI, ROSICHON UBAIDILLAH♥
Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor
16911, West Java, Indonesia. Tel. +62-21-8765056. Fax. +62-21-8765068. ♥email: ubaidillah003@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT

Erniwati, Ubaidillah R (2011) Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 76-85. Hymenopteran parasitoids of banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Java, Indonesia are reviewed and an illustrated key to 12 species is presented to include Theronia zebra zebra, Xanthopimpla gamsura, Casinaria sp., Charops sp., Cotesia (Apanteles) erionotae, Brachymeria lasus, B. thracis, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Anastatus sp., Pediobius erionotae, Agiommatus sumatraensis and Sympiesis sp. The surveys of the natural enemies of the banana-skipper were conducted in 1990-2006 in several localities in Java. The aim of this study was to assess the native natural enemies of E. thrax, especially the parasitic Hymenoptera. Infested eggs, larvae and pupae of E. thrax were collected and reared in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids were preserved in both dry mounting and in 80% alcohol for the species identification. Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoids of the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia. Species distribution and alternative hosts of the parasitoids are presented.

Key words: Hymenoptera, parasitoids, banana skipper, Erionota thrax, identification key, distribution.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.12

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Inventarisasi Jenis dan Potensi Moluska Padang Lamun di Kepulauan Kei Kecil, Maluku Tenggara

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The Inventory of Mollusc Species and Its Potent on Seagrass Bed in Kei Kecil Islands, Southeast Moluccas

AGUS KUSNADI, TEDDY TRIANDIZA, UDHI EKO HERNAWAN♥
UPT. Loka Konservasi Biota Laut, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Tual-Maluku Tenggara 97611


ABSTRACT

Inventory of mollusk species and its potential on sea grass bed in Kei Kecil islands, Southeast Moluccas have been conducted by using quadrate-transect line method. The study was carried out in February-August 2007. There were 103 species of mollusk observed, 80 species belong to gastropods and 23 belong to bivalves. From the total species, 72 of them were reported as the potential species and the others still unknown. Most of potential group was used as food resources (55 species) and other species were potential as decoration, souvenir, ornament, and accessories (31 species). Some species were potential for building material, knife tool, barter tool and bioactive compounds. The top shells (Trochus niloticus), the giant clams (Tridacna spp. and Hippopus hippopus) and the abalone (Haliotis spp.) were the major trading commodities for shellfish fisheries.

Key words: inventory, mollusk, potency, Kei Kecil.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.9

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Jenis Kuskus di Pantai Utara Manokwari Papua

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The Species of Cuscus in Northern Coastal Areas of Manokwari, Papua

SEPUS FATEM1,♥ DIANA SAWEN2
1 Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari
2 Fakultas Peternakan, Perikanan, dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari


ABSTRACT

This study aims to identify cuscus species found in the northern part areas of Manokwari. The study was conducted on 5-26 November 2005 and 10-25 August 2007. The method used in the research was descriptive by means of applying observation and interview techniques. The result of the research reveals that there are two cuscus species that exist in the area, namely Phalanger orientalis (Mesber) and Spilocuscus maculatus (Mowodu). The activity pattern of cuscus is strongly inter-related to the phases of the moon, weather, and secure and unspoiled environment. The cuscus is commonly hunted by local people for its meat and handicrafts. The local people do not have a pattern of traditional conservations. Therefore, the government needs to issues policies dealing with wildlife hunting.

Key words: Cuscus species, northern area of Manokwari

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.8

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Karakter Sutera dari Ulat Jedung (Attacus atlas L.) yang Dipelihara pada Tanaman Pakan Senggugu (Clerodendron serratum Spreng)

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The Silk Characteristics of Jedung Silkworm (Attacus atlas L.) Reared on Senggugu (clerodendron serratum spreng) Food Plant

MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN♥
Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126


ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to determine the silk characteristics of Jedung silkworm reared on Senggugu food plant. Cocoon characteristics examined was the weight of cocoon and the value of Shell Ratio (SR). Meanwhile, the characteristics of fiber conclude the tensile strength, the elongation and the moisture absorption. The results showed that the range of cocoon weight was between 5.849 + 0.378 g. If it is compared to other cocoon reared on other food plants, the cocoons from Jedung silkworm were less weight. This was probably because of the characteristics of Senggugu leaf that was thinner and less water content which will produced cocoon with less weight. The lower weight of cocoon could affect to the value of measured SR. The value of SR was 9.828 + 1.475 %. The good range of SR value is between 19-20 %. The tensile strength was 14,444 + 5.270 g per denier. The good range of tensile strength is between 2.6 to 4.8 g per denier. The elongation was 2.184 + 2.168 %. This study showed the elongation was lower compared to other characteristics of good fiber with value more than 18 %. The moisture absorption varies between 20.214 + 0.618 %. It will cause fabric made from this material were considered cooler to wear, so that relatively good from the side of convenience.In general, characteristics of the fiber were relatively good. Therefore, it needs higher effort to increase weight of cocoon and the elongation of fiber.

Key words: characteristics of fiber, Jedung silkworm, Senggugu food plant

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.8

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Microsatellite DNA Polymorphisms for Colony Management of Longtailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Population on The Tinjil Island

Posted by Unknown Senin, 29 April 2013 0 komentar

Microsatellite DNA Polymorphisms for Colony Management of Longtailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Population on The Tinjil Island


DYAH PERWITASARI-FARAJALLAH1,2,♥, RANDALL C. KYES1,3, ENTANG ISKANDAR1
1Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Jalan Lodaya II/5, Bogor 16151, West Java, Indonesia, Tel./Fax. +62-251-8320417/
8360712, ♥e-mail: witafar@ipb.ac.id; witafar@yahoo.com
2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
3Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington 98195-7330, USA


ABSTRACT

Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Kyes RC, Iskandar E (2010) Microsatellite DNA polymorphisms for colony management of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) population on the Tinjil Island. Biodiversitas 11: 55-58. Polymorphic genetic markers are the basic requirement for studies on population and conservation genetics of non-human primates. In this paper, we screened microsatellites for their polymorphism and gene typing of DNA samples from blood of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Tinjil Island population. Among the three primer sets tested, two are polymorphic. They were D1S548 and D3S1768. Average observed heterozygosity (Ĥ) within populations ranged between 0.264-0.555. D1S1768 locus was highly polymorphic and 24 alleles were detected among two loci. Estimation of genetic variability for the Tinjil population (Ĥ) was 0.485. The results obtained provide further insight into the long-term viability of the population and help in creating genetic management of both captive and natural habitat breeding colonies of primates.

Key words: microsatellite, variations, social groups, long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.11

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Nest Density as Determinants for Habitat Utilizations of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Degraded Forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

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Nest Density as Determinants for Habitat Utilizations of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Degraded Forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan

DIDIK PRASETYO1,♥, JITO SUGARDJITO2
1Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jl. Sawo Manila, Pasar Minggu. South Jakarta 12520, Indonesia. Tel/Fax. +62-21-78833384. ♥email: dik_ape@yahoo.com
2Research Centre for Biology, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor km.46. Cibinong, Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia.


ABSTRACT

Prasetyo D, Sugardjito J (2011) Nest density as determinants for habitat utilizations of Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in degraded forests of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 12: 164-170. Conversion of forests into nonforests areas particularly for the development of timber industry and oil palm plantation in Ketapang district, West Kalimantan province was drastically increased recently. We have conducted an assessmment for the density of Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii L. in degraded forests of the boundary of Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan in 2004 and 2005. We used line-transects nest-count to survey 39,6 km length at 13 sites including 7 in side the park and the other 6 situated out side the park which holds a difference status of forest management. The differences of nest density between degraded forests habitat was calculated. The old degraded forest which has been logged for 5 years or more, were containing more new nests in a cluster compared to the recently as well as currently logged. The highest number of orangutan’s nests could be found in the old degraded forest in side the park, whereas the lowest one was obtained in the currently logged protection forest with the density of 3.70 ind/km2 and 0.06 ind/km2 respectively. We compare these results with the survey undertaken previously in the area when the logging and forest conversion activities have just begun in the region in 2001.

Key words: degraded forests, nest-count, orangutan density, Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.12

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Penelitian Biodiversitas Serangga di Indonesia: Kumbang Tinja (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) dan Peran Ekosistemnya

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Research on Insect Biodiversity in Indonesia: Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Its Role in Ecosystem

SHAHABUDDIN1,2,♥, PURNAMA HIDAYAT3, WORO ANGGRAITONINGSIH NOERDJITO4, SYAFRIDA MANUWOTO3

1 Mahasiswa Program Doktor Entomologi, Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor 16144
2 Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako (UNTAD), Palu 94118.
3 Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Bogor 16144
4 Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Cibinong-Bogor 16911


ABSTRACT

Research on insect biodiversity in Indonesia which is known as megabiodiversity still not yet a lot of done. Dung beetles represent one of insect group owning very important ecological role and enough suscebtible to condition change of an ecosistem so that is often made as one of bioindicator. Although it was estimated that there is about 1000 to 2000 species of dung beetle in Indo-Australia archipelago but the exact species number of Indonesia’s dung beetles not yet been known, since the are more than 17,000 islands in the country and different islands posseses a lot of endemic species. The lack of entomologist especially taxonomist and the limited of identification key available also become the problems of study on dung beetles biodiversity as well as another group of insect in Indonesia. Therefore, we need some effort expected to solve these problem in order to accelarate the research of insect biodiversity in Indonesia.

Keywords: biodiversity, insects, dung beetles, Scarabaeidae.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.6

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Perburuan Kuskus (Phalangeridae) oleh Masyarakat Napan di Pulau Ratewi

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Cuscus (Phalangeridae) Hunting by Napan Communities at Ratewi Island, Nabire, Papua


FREDDY PATTISELANNO♥
Laboratorium Produksi Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan (FPPK) Universitas Negeri Papua, Manokwari (UNIPA), Manokwari 98314


ABSTRACT

Cuscus hunting by Napan communities at the Arui village of Ratewi Island was conducted from July to September 2007 by interviewing hunter respondent and direct observation to the field. Twenty households were selected as respondent with the criterion hunting and utilizing cuscus. The study indicated active hunting is performing mostly for consumption purpose, using several combinations of hunting tools from traditional to modern ones, found around mix forest or combination between primary and secondary forest. Cutting the cuscus nesting tree resulted negative impact on the cover and food sources for the future conservation purpose. Two species of cuscus occurred in the study site, they were common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis) and spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus), and based their qualitative traits both species can be distinguished morphologically.

Key words: cuscus hunting, Napan, Ratewi Island, Papua.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.8

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Perilaku Agresif Monyet, Macaca fascicularis

Posted by Unknown Minggu, 28 April 2013 0 komentar

Aggressive Behavior of Macaques, Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821) on Tourists at Kaliurang Nature Recreation Forest, Yogyakarta


DJUWANTOKO1,♥, RETNO NUR UTAMI2, WIYONO3
1 Laboratorium Satwa Liar, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta 55281.
2 Laboratorium Wisata Alam, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta 55281.
3 Laboratorium Dendrologi, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta 55281.


ABSTRACT

Research was conducted in Kaliurang nature recreation forest area, in Gunung Merapi National Park, Yogyakarta. The research aim to investigate the proportion of aggressive behavior of monkeys [Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821)] to tourists. Direct observation method was used to observe the monkeys behavior in the interaction to the tourists. And questioners were distributed to the tourists to know expectation of the tourists which related to the existence of the monkeys in that conservation area. Analyses of the interactions suggest that monkeys respond differentially to tourists according to the age/sex classes involved. Additionally, adult and subadult male monkeys participated in more aggressive behaviors than expected, while adult female monkeys and immature participated in such behaviors less than expected. These variations in interaction patterns between monkeys and tourists may have substantial implications for management issues and that the potential for gaining or reducing the tourists to visit in that forest recreation.

Key words: monkey, Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821), tourists, aggression; tourists-monkeys interactions.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.9

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Populasi dan Distribusi Rekrekan (Presbytis fredericae)

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Population and Distribution of Rekrekan (Presbytis fredericae) in The Southern Slope of Mt.Slamet


ARIF SETIAWAN1,♥, DJUWANTOKO1, A.W.BINTARI.2, Y.W.C.KUSUMA2, S.PUDYATMOKO.1 M.A.IMRON1,
1 Research Division of Wildlife Laboratory Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University
2 KP3 Primata (Primate Study Club Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University


ABSTRACT

Javan fuscous leaf monkey (Presbytis fredericae Sody,1930) is one of an endemic and endangered leaf eating monkeys that still exist and living in several patchy forests in Central of Java. Survey of this monkeys was done in the Southern section slope of Mount Slamet areas (36, 6559 km2), Central Java, Indonesia. Direct observation methods using distance sampling was applied to estimate the population number of these monkeys. The survey was conducted during dry season, on May to June, 2005. Result of the population estimation size using DISTANCE 5.0 computer program within uniform key and hermite polynomial adjustment was 219 individuals, and population density was estimated around 5.96 individual/km2 (CV = 75.72%; 95% CI = 1.2466 – 28.532).

Key words: (Presbytis fredericae), population and distribution, Mt.Slamet Indonesia
Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.8

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Toksisitas Racun Laba-laba Nephila sp

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Toxicity of Poison from Spider Nephila sp. to Aëdes aegypti L. larvae

YAYAN SANJAYA♥, TINA SAFARIA
Program Studi Biologi FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI), Bandung 40154


ABSTRACT

A research about the toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp. unto larvae of Aëdes aegypti L. had been done. The objectives of this research were to get the information about the toxicity of poison from spider Nephila sp. into larvae A. aegypti. The experiment method of this research was using Randomized Complete Block Design. This experiment used all of four instars of A. aegypti larvae. The experiment of each instar had been done with six treatments of the lethal concentration from spiders poison. Those six treatments were 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Each treatment had four replications. The result of this research showed that poison from spider Nephila sp. is toxic unto the larvae of A. aegypti. The average of lethal concentration for the first instar is 13.11%, for the second instar is 28.16%, for the third instar is 41.46% and for the fourth instar is 63.09%.

Key words: toxicity, lethal concentration (LC50), spider Nephila sp. and larvae of Aëdes aegypti L.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity Vol.7

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Population Dynamic of The Swallowtail Butterfly

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Population Dynamic of The Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Dry and Wet Seasons


SUWARNO♥
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syekh Abdur Rauf No. 3, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Aceh, Indonesia, Tel.: +62-651-742821, Fax: +62-651-7552291, ♥email: j_suwarno@yahoo.com


ABSTRACT

The population dynamic of Papilio polytes L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in dry and wet seasons was investigated in the citrus orchard in Tasek Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Population of immature stages of P. polytes was observed alternate day from January to March 2006 (dry season, DS), from April to July 2006 (secondary wet season, SWS), and from October to December 2006 (primary wet season, PWS). The population dynamics of the immature stages of P. polytes varied between seasons. The immature stages of P. polytes are more abundance and significantly different in the PWS than those of the DS and the SWS. The larval densities in all seasons decreased with progressive development of the instar stages. Predators and parasitoids are the main factor in regulating the population abundance of immature stages of P. polytes. There were positive correlations between the abundance of immature stages of P. polytes and their natural enemies abundance in each season. Ooencyrtus papilioni Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the most egg parasitoid. Oxyopes quadrifasciatus L. Koch. and O. elegans L. Koch. (Araneae: Oxyopidae) are the main predators in the young larvae, meanwhile Sycanus dichotomus Stal. (Heteroptera: Reduviidae), Calotes versicolor Fitzinger (Squamata: Agamidae), birds and praying mantis attacked the older larvae.

Key words: population dynamic, seasons, Papilio polytes, immature stages, natural enemies.
Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity

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Ketelitian Metode Sarang untuk Pendugaan Populasi Orangutan

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Precision of Nest Method in Estimating Orangutan Population and Determination of Important Ecological Factors for Management of Conservation Forest

Yanto Santosa* dan Dede Aulia Rahman
Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680

Abstract

Orangutan as an umbrella species is closely interlinked with sustainable forest management meaning that the protection of this species has implications on the protection of other species and maintain ecosystem stability. The total natural habitat required to support orangutan’s population could only be determined by the appropriate population size. It is associated with the carrying capacity to accommodate or fulfill the habitat requirements of a wildlife population. Selection and delineation of core and wilderness zones as habitat preference should be based on the results of preference test shown by the spatial distribution of orangutan population. Value of the coefficient of variation (CV) was used to observe the precision of the population estimation and to identify important ecological factors in selection of nesting trees. The study resulted in varied CV spatial values for various habitat types: 22.60%, 11.20%, and 13.30% for heath, lowland dipterocarp, and peat swamp forest, respectively. In the other side, CV temporal values for various habitat types were 5.35%, 22.60%, and 17.60% for heath, lowland dipterocarp, and peat swamp forest, respectively. This indicated that the population density in each type of forest ecosystems had a variation based on location and did not varied according to time of survey. The use of nest survey technique showed good reliable results in estimating orangutan population density. Efforts to improve the precision of estimation can be done by formulating r value as the harmonic average of nest production rates and t as the average of nest decay time per nest category. Selection of habitat preference and nest trees were influenced by food availability thus should form important consideration in conducting nest survey to avoid bias in estimating orangutan populations.

Keywords: conservation forest management, nest survey, orangutan, population size, ecological factors
Sumber: JMHT Vol. XVIII, (1): 39–51, April 2012

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Tiga Jenis Kuntul

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Type of Intraspecific and Interspecific Interaction Among Three Heron Species, while Foraging Around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang, Banten's province

DEWI ELFIDASARI♥
Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia, Jakarta 12110

ABSTRACT

This research intends to know interaction type among three heron species while foraging around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang Banten's Province. Observational method that is utilized is direct observing up to 6 months, pictures taking supported watch utilize Handycam by focal observation method, meanwhile data analyze was done by using scan sampling method. The research’s result points out that interaction during foraging for three species herons, namely Casmerodius albus, Egretta garzetta, and Bubulcus ibis, cover neutralism, competition and cooperation. C. albus showed cooperative's interaction as much as 66.67%. This interaction is happening between C. albus and Phalacrocorax sp. The competition and neutralism on C. albus each of them are 16.67%. E. garzetta showed neutralism as much as 50%, between E. garzetta and other waterbird which are Threskiornis melanocephalus and Plegadis falcinellus. Meanwhile, cooperative as high as 37.50% and competitions as high as 12.50%. B. ibis showed neutralism, as high as 44.44% between B. ibis and both Ardeola speciosa and P. falcinellus. Neutralism and competition interaction each of them are 33.33% and 22.22%.

Key words: interaction, cooperation, neutralism, competition, heron.
Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity

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