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Identification Manual for The Larval Chironomidae (Diptera)

Posted by Unknown Sabtu, 11 Mei 2013 0 komentar

Chironomidae adalah sebuah kelompok besar beragam larva lalat kecil yang menghuni hampir setiap niche di sebagian besar ekosistem perairan air tawar. Mengidentifikasi chironomids bisa menjadi tugas yang menakutkan, tapi mungkin juga mudah. Dan jumlah informasi yang dapat dikumpulkan bisa menjadi luar biasa. Terlalu banyak daftar studi Chironomidae hanya pada tingkat keluarga, identifikasi di tingkat generik memperkenalkan lebih banyak data, sedangkan identifikasi tingkat spesies memberikan data keanekaragaman yang tidaklah mudah.

The Chironomidae biasanya telah dijauhi oleh banyak benthologists karena kesulitan yang dirasakan

dalam persiapan spesimen, identifikasi, taksonomi, morfologi dan literatur. Tergantung pada taksa, identifikasi dapat mudah atau mungkin sulit. Semoga panduan manual identifikasi ini akan membuat hidup anda dengan Chironomidae mudah. Ada kemungkinan juga dengan pengalaman anda sendiri, anda akhirnya akan dapat mengidentifikasi sebagian besar chironomids ke genus, atau bahkan spesies. Perhatikan bahwa beberapa identifikasi bisa dilakukan saat larva masih dalam cairan pengawet.

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An Illustrated Identification Guide to The Nearshore Marine and Estuarine Gammaridea Amphipoda of Florida

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Panduan Identifikasi untuk Amphipoda (Families Anamixadae, Eusiridae, Hyalellidae, Hyalidae, Iphimediidae, Ischyroceridae, Lysianassidae, Megaluropidae, dan Melphidippidae).

Panduan Identifikasi ini dilengkapi dengan gambar dan ciri-ciri sampai spesies, sangat membantu para mahasiswa untuk mengidentifikasi spesies-spesies Amphipoda yang ada di Indonesia.

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The Aquatic Coleoptera of North Carolina

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Kelompok makrobentos merupakan kelompok hewan yang relatif menetap di dasar perairan dan sering digunakan sebagai petunjuk biologis (indikator) kualitas perairan. Bioindikator atau indikator ekologis merupakan taksa atau kelompok organisme yang sensitif dan dapat dijadikan petunjuk bahwa mereka dipengaruhi oleh tekanan lingkungan akibat dari kegiatan manusia dan destruksi sistem biotik perairan. Salah satu kelompok makrobenthos yang terbesar di kelas insecta yaitu kumbang (Coleoptera).

Kumbang (Coleoptera), dengan lebih dari 350.000 spesies dijelaskan di 179 keluarga, merupakan urutan terbesar di dunia dari kelas serangga, setiap tahun ratusan spesies baru dijelaskan. Mereka ditemukan di setiap benua kecuali Antartika, di Eropa Tengah berasal dari sekitar 8000 spesies dan di Carolina Utara ditemukan 71 marga dan lebih dari 280 spesies.

Carolina Utara sangat kaya fauna kumbang air. Memisahkan jumlah kumbang ini dari satu sama lain bisa menjadi sesuatu yang membingungkan, khususnya bagi ahli biologi karena banyak kumbang taksa yang sangat mirip satu sama lain. Selain itu, karakter morfologi yang penting bisa sulit untuk diamati (misalnya microreticulations, coxal proses, gradasi warna) karena ukurannya yang kecil, variasi spesies, atau bahkan seluk-beluk hanya memanipulasi spesimen, menyajikan tantangan tambahan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies. Tidak seperti serangga air lainnya, Coleoptera perairan biasanya memiliki beberapa tahap kehidupan yang terjadi di bawah permukaan air sehingga menambahkan tingkat kompleksitas identifikasi yang lebih tinggi.

Divisi Kualitas Air - Unit Penilaian Biologi (Division of Water Quality Biological Assessment Unit) Carolina Utara memiliki protokol yang paling ketat dalam pengambilan sampel makroinvertebrata dan memiliki data lebih dari 30 tahun. Divisi Kualitas Air - Unit Penilaian Biologi Carolina Utara membuat sebuah buku panduan lapangan untuk membantu mengidentifikasi taksa kumbang air di perairan Carolina Utara yaitu "The Aquatic Coleoptera of North Carolina". Buku ini juga dapat digunakan sebagai acuan bahan perbandingan spesies terkait pentingnya untuk mengidentifikasi sementara serangga air.

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PENELITIAN EKOLOGI NEPENTHES DI LABORATORIUM ALAM HUTAN GAMBUT SABANGAU KERENG BANGKIRAI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

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Author :

Muhammad Mansur

Peneliti di Bidang Botani, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

Abstract

Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan, was conducted on April to May, 2006. Survey method used for to known diversity of Nepenthes in study site and we made four small plots for population measurement. As the result, three species and one natural hybrid were founded, such as; Nepenthes gracilis, N. rafflesiana, N. ampullaria and N.xhookeriana. In study site, Nepenthes gracilis is wider distribution than other species, they can grow at open, rather shaded or shaded area and they have high density at open area. While, N. rafflesiana , N. ampullaria and N.xhooekeriana commonly founded at rather shaded area or shaded area.

Key words: Pitcher plants, diversity, population, peat swamps forest
Sumber: J.Tek.Ling. 9 (1): 67-73, 2007

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FITOSOSIOLOGI HUTAN DI SEBAGIAN KAWASAN SUAKA MARGASATWA BUTON UTARA, SULAWESI TENGGARA

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 10 Mei 2013 0 komentar

Author :

Muhammad Mansur

Peneliti di Pusat Penelitian Biologi - Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

Abstract

The degradation rate of forest in the recent 5 years increases rapidly, particulartly in Sulawesi. The biggest damaged comes from the human impact, which spreads to the conservation area. As a result, the areais decreased, whereas its function and its potency have not been explored. The ecological research has been conducted in Soloi forest, Suaka Margasatwa Buton Utara in May 2003. The objectives of this work are to study the condition, which belong to. 75 general and 35 families with density of trees are 277 individual (stem diameter > 10 cm ), and 1140 sampling ( 2-9,9 cm stem diameter ). The forest type is low land primary forest, which dominated by Casearia rugulosa, Diospyros pilosanthere, Cleistanthus myriantus, Canarium hirsutum, and Drypetes longifolia. In the forest structure, trees with 10-20 cm stem diameter is in the first rankwith the total number 57,02%, then followed by the trees with 20-30 cm diameter (20,22%). In general, the forest condition in research site is good, although a few areas are damaged due to illegal loging.

Kata kunci: Suaka Margasatwa Buton Utara, struktur, komposisi, vegetasi hutan.
Sumber: J.Tek.Ling. P3TL-BPPT. 4(3):179-187, 2003

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PENELITIAN VEGETASI HUTAN DI WILAYAH CADAS GANTUNG DAN CADAS PAGAR, CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG TUKUNG GEDE, SERANG

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Author :

Siti Sunarti

Herbarium Bogoriense, Bidang Botani-Puslit Biologi - LIPI Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46

ABSTRACT

Tukung Gede Mountain Nature Reserved (TGMNR) covers almost 1.700 ha area. This includes four administrative districts of Serang Regency (Pabuaran District, Mancak District, Anyer District, and Cinangka District). This research was conducted in the western part of Nature Reserved with the main sites in the Cadas Gantung Mountain and Cadas Pagar. The aim of the study was to investigate the Nature Reserved vegetation. Plot about 0.2 ha has been made in each location and named, tree diameter, tree total height, dbh, and its position of every tree with the diameter  10 cm, and sampling with the diameter  2 cm were recorded. We discovered during the study that there was one vegetation type in Cadas Gantung and Cadas Pagar (the lowland rain forest). It was noted that the density in 1 hectare was 310 trees. The composition of trees species in all plot was relatively different and the diversity of the trees species in plot II was the highest. The forest structure scored in B to D strata and the potential of regeneration were good.

Key words: vegetation, forest, Tukung Gede Nature Reserved, trees, sampling
Sumber: Berk. Penel. Hayati Edisi Khusus: 5A (109–119), 2011

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KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI DAUN SIRIH MERAH: Piper crocatum Ruitz & Pav dan Piper porphyrophyllum N.E.Br. KOLEKSI KEBUN RAYA BOGOR

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Author :

Inggit Puji Astuti dan Esti Munawaroh

Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Bogor LIPI

ABSTRACT

The red piper were most sale and known and usaged by the people in this decade was a species of Piper crocatum Ruitz & Pav. It was introduce plant. The original habitat of this species is Peru, South of America, while the information about when and who have introduced to Indonesia unknown. Besided Piper crocatum, in Indonesia have recorded another species of the wild red piper which are grows in the forest, it is Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br. These last wild red piper can be fi nd in the forest area at Sumatera and Kalimantan islands. Both of the species were Bogor Botanic Garden collection, which have differences of leaves morphological character as well as shape, characteristic and colour. So, it has choised the living collection as research material. The leaves morphological character which observe were shape size, characteristic and colour, all of the leaves morphological character which observe have recorded as an material for character difference analysis of this red piper species. The observation result of leaves morphological character of this species shows that the leaf shape of P.crocatum is cordate – oval like a egg – obovid, while the leaf shape of P.porphyrophyllum cordate – deltoid – oval like a egg – rounded (rare). The leaf characteristic of P.crocatum rather thick and stiff, while the leaf characteristic of P.porphyrophyllum thin and fl exible?. The leaf colour of P.crocatum green pinkish with pinky lines shape illustration, while the leaf colour of P.porphyrophyllum green redish – green red blackish with white greyish (Sumatera) – bright pinky (Kalimantan) lines shape illustration. With lines illustration morphologycal character prooff in the both species shows that there is an existance genetical relatives although must be done next observation about what the gen which can be phenotyphic illustrade on this leaves to inform this phylogenetical and taxonomy status in the clasifi cation.

Key words: Characteristic, Morphology, P, crocatum, P. porphyrophyllum, Red Piper
Sumber: Berk. Penel. Hayati Edisi Khusus: 7A (83–85), 2011

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Baku Mutu Air Laut

Posted by Unknown Jumat, 03 Mei 2013 0 komentar

Baku Mutu Air Laut

Laut adalah ruang wilayah lautan yang merupakan kesatuan geografis beserta segenap unsur terkait padanya yang batas dan sistemnya ditentukan berdasarkan aspek fungsional. Untuk menjaga kelestarian fungsi lingkungan laut perlu dilakukan upaya pengendalian terhadap kegiatan-kegiatan yang dapat mencemari dan atau merusak lingkungan laut. Salah satu sarana pengendalian pencemaran dan atau perusakan lingkungan laut, perlu ditetapkan Baku Mutu Air Laut.

Baku Mutu Air Laut adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat, energi atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya di dalam air laut. Penetapan Baku Mutu Air Laut ini meliputi Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Perairan Pelabuhan, Wisata Bahari dan Biota Laut. Kawasan perairan laut diluar Perairan Pelabuhan dan Wisata Bahari mengacu kepada Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Biota Laut.

Tabel 1. Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Perairan Pelabuhan

Keterangan:
1. Nihil adalah tidak terdeteksi dengan batas deteksi alat yang digunakan (sesuai dengan metode yang digunakan).
2. Metode analisa mengacu pada metode analisa untuk air laut yang telah ada, baik internasional maupun nasional.
3. Alami adalah kondisi normal suatu lingkungan, bervariasi setiap saat (siang, malam dan musim).
4. Pengamatan oleh manusia (visual).
5. Pengamatan oleh manusia (visual). Lapisan minyak yang diacu adalah lapisan tipis (thin layer) dengan ketebalan 0,01mm.

Tabel 2. Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Wisata Bahari

Keterangan:
1. Nihil adalah tidak terdeteksi dengan batas deteksi alat yang digunakan (sesuai dengan metode yang digunakan).
2. Metode analisa mengacu pada metode analisa untuk air laut yang telah ada, baik internasional maupun nasional.
3. Alami adalah kondisi normal suatu lingkungan, bervariasi setiap saat (siang, malam dan musim).
4. Pengamatan oleh manusia (visual).
5. Pengamatan oleh manusia (visual). Lapisan minyak yang diacu adalah lapisan tipis (thin layer) dengan ketebalan 0,01mm:

Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <10% kedalaman euphotic
Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <10% konsentrasi rata2 musiman
Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <2oC dari suhu alami
Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <0,2 satuan pH
Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <5% salinitas rata-rata musiman
Berbagai jenis pestisida seperti: DDT, Endrin, Endosulfan dan Heptachlor
Diperbolehkan terjadi perubahan sampai dengan <10% konsentrasi rata-rata musiman

Tabel 3. Baku Mutu Air laut untuk Wisata Bahari (Lanjutan)

Pelabuhan adalah tempat yang terdiri dari daratan dan perairan di sekitarnya dengan batas-batas tertentu sebagai tempat kegiatan pemerintahan dan kegiatan ekonomi yang dipergunakan sebagai tempat kapal bersandar, berlabuh, naik turun penumpang dan atau bongkar muat barang yang dilengkapi dengan fasilitas keselamatan pelayaran dan kegiatan penunjang pelabuhan serta sebagai tempat perpindahan intra dan antar moda transportasi. Wisata Bahari adalah kegiatan rekreasi atau wisata yang dilakukan di laut dan pantai. Sedangkan biota laut adalah berbagai jenis organisme yang hidup di perairan laut.

Tabel 4. Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Biota Laut

Tebel 5. Baku Mutu Air Laut untuk Biota Laut (Lanjutan)

Sumber: Kepmen NLH No. 51 Tahun 2004 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut

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Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air

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PENGELOLAAN KUALITAS AIR DAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN AIR

Air merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang memiliki fungsi sangat penting bagi kehidupan dan perikehidupan manusia, serta untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, sehingga merupakan modal dasar dan faktor utama pembangunan. Air juga merupakan komponen lingkungan hidup yang penting bagi kelangsungan hidup dan kehidupan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Untuk melestarikan fungsi air perlu dilakukan pengelolaan kualitas air dan pengendalian pencemaran air secara bijaksana dengan memperhatikan kepentingan generasi sekarang dan mendatang serta keseimbangan ekologis.

Pengelolaan kualitas air adalah upaya pemeliharaan air sehingga tercapai kualitas air yang diinginkan sesuai peruntukannya untuk menjamin agar kualitas air tetap dalam kondisi alamiahnya. Pengendalian pencemaran air dilakukan untuk menjamin kualitas air agar sesuai dengan baku mutu air melalui upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran air serta pemulihan kualitas air. Rencana pendayagunaan air adalah rencana yang memuat potensi pemanfaatan atau penggunaan air, pencadangan air berdasarkan ketersediaannya, baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya, dan atau fungsi ekologis.

Mutu air adalah suatu kondisi kualitas air yang diukur dan atau diuji berdasarkan parameter-parameter tertentu dan metoda tertentu berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Klasifikasi mutu air ditetapkan menjadi 4 (empat) kelas :

Kelas satu, air yang peruntukannya dapat digunakan untuk air baku air minum, dan atau peruntukan lain yang mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama dengan kegunaan tersebut;
Kelas dua, air yang peruntukannya dapat digunakan untuk prasarana/sarana rekreasi air, pembudidayaan ikan air tawar, peternakan, air untuk mengairi pertanaman, dan atau peruntukan lain yang mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama dengan kegunaan tersebut;
Kelas tiga, air yang peruntukannya dapat digunakan untuk pembudidayaan ikan air tawar, peternakan, air untuk mengairi tanaman, dan atau peruntukan lain yang mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama dengan kegunaan tersebut;
Kelas empat, air yang peruntukannya dapat digunakan untuk mengairi pertanaman dan atau peruntukan lain yang mempersyaratkan mutu air yang sama dengan kegunaan tersebut

Tabel 1. Kriteria Mutu Air Berdasarkan Kelas

Tabel 2. Kriteria Mutu Air Berdasarkan Kelas (lanjutan)

Keterangan :
mg = milligram
ug = microgram
ml = milliliter
L = Liter
Bq = Bequerel
MBAS = Methyne Blue Active Substance
ABAM = Air Baku untuk Air Minum
Logam berat merupakan logam terlarut.
Nilai di atas merupakan batas maksimum, kecuali untuk pH dan DO.
Bagi pH merupakan nilai rentang yang tidak boleh kurang atau lebih dari nilai yang tercantum.
Nilai DO merupakan batas minimum.
Arti (-) di atas menyatakan bahwa untuk kelas termaksud, parameter tersebut tidak dipersyaratkan.
Tanda < adalah lebih kecil atau sama dengan
Tanda < adalah lebih kecil

Baku mutu air adalah ukuran batas atau kadar makhluk hidup, zat, energi, atau komponen yang ada atau harus ada dan atau unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya di dalam air. Tingkat kondisi mutu air yang menunjukkan kondisi cemar atau kondisi baik pada suatu sumber air dalam waktu tertentu dengan membandingkan dengan baku mutu air yang ditetapkan disebut status mutu air. Status mutu air ditetapkan untuk menyatakan :

kondisi cemar, apabila mutu air tidak memenuhi baku mutu air;
kondisi baik, apabila mutu air memenuhi baku mutu air.

Pencemaran air adalah masuknya atau dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat, energi dan atau komponen lain ke dalam air oleh kegiatan manusia, sehingga kualitas air turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan air tidak dapat berfungsi sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Kemampuan air pada suatu sumber air, untuk menerima masukan beban pencemaran tanpa mengakibatkan air tersebut menjadi cemar disebut daya tampung beban pencemaran . Air limbah adalah sisa dari suatu hasil usaha dan atau kegiatan yang berwujud cair. Sedangkan baku mutu air limbah adalah ukuran batas atau kadar unsur pencemar dan atau jumlah unsur pencemar yang ditenggang keberadaannya dalam air limbah yang akan dibuang atau dilepas ke dalam sumber air dari suatu usaha dan atau kegiatan.

Sumber: PP No. 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air

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On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system

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On the phylogeny of the Dytiscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) with emphasis on the morphology of the female reproductive system

Characters from adult morphology are analyzed cladistically to infer the phylogeny of the family Dytiscidae. The analysis is based on examination of 233 species of Dytiscidae and several outgroup taxa including members of Noteridae, Amphizoidae, Hygrobiidae and Carabidae. Members of all currently recognized tribes of Dytiscidae are represented except Anisomeriini Brinck, Hydronebriini Guignot and Carabhydrini Watts. Emphasis is placed on identifying informative characters from the female genital system that comprise 34 of the resulting 101 total characters. The consensus of the most parsimonious trees is well resolved and supports recognition of ten subfamilies of Dytiscidae including; Matinae van den Branden, Laccophilinae Gistel, Coptotominae van den Branden, Copelatinae Erichson, Hydroporinae Aubé, Agabinae Thomson, Colymbetinae Erichson, Lancetinae van den Branden and Dytiscinae Leach.

Sumber: Insect Systematics & Evolution, Volume 32

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FAMILY DYTISCIDAE (Predaceous diving beetles)

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FAMILY DYTISCIDAE (Predaceous diving beetles)

Two hundred and sixty species of Dytiscidae are known from Canada and Alaska, making this the largest family of aquatic beetles in the region. These beetles occur in a wide variety of shallow water habitats. The richest fauna is in the emergent vegetation zone along the edges of pools, small ponds and small, slow streams. A number of species are characteristic of cold water habitats such as small seepages and springs, and bog, forest, alpine and arctic pools. Clear, gravelly streams and saline ponds each contain distinctive groups of species.

Adults are predators or scavengers on dead animals while all larvae are apparently predaceous. The range of prey taken probably is determined by what prey of suitable size is available, but some hydroporines feed largely on microcrustacea while some colymbetines prey mainly on culicid larvae. As far as is known or can be inferred, all species in the fauna are univoltine or semivoltine. Most species overwinter as adults but timing of breeding and occurrence of larval stages vary greatly among species. Representative larvae of most genera have been described, but larvae are known for only a small percentage of species.

The family is relatively well known taxonomically. The principal taxonomic problems include: relating the northern Nearctic fauna with that of the Palaearctic; analysing and interpreting patterns of geographical variation which in many species are complex; development of supraspecific classification, especially within the larger genera. Identification of species may be very difficult as differences between species are often subtle thus there is a need for additional character analysis to provide better species definitions and characters for their recognition. Reviews and revisions of many genera have been, or are being, prepared but no single publication treats the entire fauna.

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Keragaman dan Distribusi Vertikal Kumbang Tinja Scarabaeids (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) di Hutan Tropis Basah Pegunungan Taman Nasional Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Posted by Unknown Selasa, 30 April 2013 2 komentar

Diversity and Vertical Distributions of Scarabaeids Dungbeetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in The Tropical Mountaineous Rainforest of Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia

SIH KAHONO1, , LILIK KUNDAR SETIADI2

1Laboratorium Entomologi, Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Cibinong 16911

2FMIPA Universitas Nusa Bangsa Bogor

ABSTRACT

Diversity and vertical distributions of scarabaeids dungbeetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were studied in a tropical mountaineous rainforest of Gede Pangrango National Park using dung traps. Samples were collected at four altitudes of 500-1000m, 1001-1500, 1501-2000, and 2001-2500m of five different collection sites (Cibodas, Selabintana, Situ Gunung, Bodogol, and Gunung Putri). 1052 individuals of 28 species of scarabaeid dungbeetles that belongs to five genus were collected. The most diverse groub was the genus Onthophagus, which consists of 21 species (75% of collected species) and followed by Copris with 3 species (10.7%), Paragymnopleurus with 2 species (7.1%), Catarsius with 1 species (3.6%), and Phacosoma with 1 species (3.6%). The Shanon-Winner index of diversity and evenness were gradually declining during the time when altitudes were increasing. Altitude was an important factor in the diversity, abundance, and distribution of dungbeetles. The diversity of dungbeetles at the interval of 1001-1500m and 1501-2000m were not so high but abundance and similarity were high. Diversity index, evenness, abundance, and species similarity of dungbeetles at the interval of 2001-2500m was low because of unfavourable habitat. Although the diversity of dungbeetles at the interval 500-1000m was the highest, however abundance and similarity index were relatively low. Analyse of diversity, abundance, evenness, and similarity of dungbeetles on each of the different altitudes and environment conditions were discussed in this paper.

Key words: diversity, vertical distributions, scarabaeid dungbeetles, Gede Pangrango National Park, Wawonii Island.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.7

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Biologi dan Konservasi Marga Myristica di Indonesia

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Biology and Conservation of Genus Myristica in Indonesia

ARRIJANI ♥

Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Manado (UNIMA), Tondano 95187

ABSTRACT

Genus Myristica represent one of important taxon in kingdom plantarum in Indonesia meaning if evaluated from number of species, distribution of species, and role for society. Result of publicizing indicate that there are 9 species Myristica in Indonesia representing original crop and distributed the round of main island in Indonesia. Member of genus Myristica this type of a lot of exploited upon which the food, industrial raw material, construction material, etc. Because that’s important role hence the effort conservation must be done in order to the Myristica sustainability can be taken care of.

Key words: Myristica, biology and conservation, Indonesia.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.6

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Conservation of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) Through Egg Hatching Modification and Ex Situ Management

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Conservation of Maleo Bird (Macrocephalon maleo) Through Egg Hatching Modification and Ex Situ Management

YOHAN RUSIYANTONO♥, MOBIUS TANARI, MUHAMAD ILYAS MUMU

Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Departement of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University. Bumi Tadulako Tondo,

JI. Soekarno Hatta km. 9, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tel/Fax. +62-451-429738, ♥email: johan_rus@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Rusiyantono Y, Tanari M, Mumu MI (2011) Conservation of maleo bird (Macrocephalon maleo) through egg hatching modification and ex situ management. Biodiversitas 12: 171-176. Over exploitation of maleo bird eggs has become the main problem. In addition, habitat demolition and fragmentation have also caused decrease in maleo bird population. This research aimed to know the effectiveness of hatching pattern to produce maleo breeding, studying breeding pattern of maleo bird through hatching approaches of feed quality and temperature adjustment, and studying maleo bird respond towards caring pattern adjustment by measuring plasticity value. There were two phases in this research. The first phase was hatching by using modified incubator. The other one was the caring of the breeding from the result of hatching through feed pattern management using protein and energy balancing. The results of the research indicated that the hatching success was 65%; however, life endurance of the birds from birth to one month of age was only 40%. Their growth showed sufficiently high increase after passing critical period in their body-weght based on feeding pattern containing 21% of protein that was 64.93 g and 62.59 g for maleo in Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) and Bangkiriang Wildlife Reserve (BWR), respectively. Their monthly body-weght increase was 33.06 g in average of feeding pattern containing 13% of protein for LLNP maleo birds and 36.99 g for the maleo in BWR. It was found that feeding pattern containing higher content of protein (21%) promoted significant increase in the body-weight of maleo birds. Feeding such birds with high protein content feed along with sufficient energy triggered their growth speed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that maleo birds could be preserved by way of hatching, while the birds could be fed with feed containing high protein and energy in order to accelerate their growth after hatching.

Key words: maleo, conservation, hatching, daily gain, feed convesion.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.12

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The Occurrence of Hyperhydricity on Several Carnations (Dianthus carryophyllus L.) Cultivars during Low Temperature Storage

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The Occurrence of Hyperhydricity on Several Carnations (Dianthus carryophyllus L.) Cultivars during Low Temperature Storage

KURNIAWAN BUDIARTO♥

1Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Cianjur 43253, West Java.

ABSTRACT

The incident of hyperhydricity was a common problem in propagated carnation (Dianthus carryophyllus L.) during in vitro culture. Due to its possible relations with the decrease in phenotypic performance of plantlets, the observation on the occurrence of hyperhydricity was conducted on several in vitro conserved carnation cultivars. The research was conducted from July 2007 to August 2008 at The Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute, Cianjur, West Java. A complete factorial experiment with 24 replications was designed to accomplish the combination of two factors. The first factor was six commercial carnation cultivars, namely light pink candy, malaga, opera, white candy, liberty and pink maladi, while the seconds dealt with type of conservation media, i.e. ½MS+DMSO 3%, ½MS+DMSO 3%+3% sucrose and control (½MS+3% sucrose). The results showed that the percentage of hyperhydric plantlet and plantlet viability after in vitro conservation were varied among carnation cultivars. Single treatment of sucrose had the least capacity in inducing plantlet resistance to low temperature conditions during in vitro conservation. Supplemental DMSO postponed the occurrence of hyperhydricity and with the existence of sucrose, higher plantlet viability were achieved.

Key words: carnation (Dianthus carryophyllus L.), cultivar, hyperhydricity, plantlet viability, in vitro conservation.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.10

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Diversitas dan Ekologi Biawak (Varanus indicus) di Pulau Pepaya Taman Nasional Teluk Cenderawasih, Irian Jaya Barat

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Diversity and Ecology of Varanus indicus in Pepaya Island at Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, West Irian Jaya

DENY ANJELIUS IYAI♥, FREDDY PATTISELANNO

Laboratorium Produksi dan Manajemen Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, Perikanan, dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Negeri Papua (UNIPA), Manokwari 98314, Irian Jaya Barat

ABSTRACT

Monitor lizard (Varanidae) has dispersed widely in Indonesia, even in Papua. Papua contents of six species. It’s distribution, abundance, both in land and island have been known yet, even carrying capacity of feeding relative limited. However, species extinction rates in nature were increasing both in it. This research was done in Papaya Island in Teluk Cenderawasih National Park, Nabire, Papua since 24th -25th October 2005. Descriptive method was done to answer this study. This research resulted that in Papaya island contents only one species that is Varanus indicus. The V. indicus chosen same habitat in southern part of Papaya island. This species dispersed on 0-4 m above sea level, humidity about 78.6%, and temperature about 23.90C. Vegetation was dominated by coconut (Cocos nucifera), bitangur (Calophyllum inophyllum) and tikar (Pandanus sp.), papaya (Carica papaya), and ketapang (Terminalia catappa). V. indicus chosen Megapodius reinwadt nest as nesting area. Population of V. indicus was estimated as much 36.3 ≈ 36 pieces by King Method. The nest of V. indicus placed in Cassuarina sp. tree where cutting down. The diet of V. indicus was found such as megapods, sea birds, lizard (sauria), butterflies and bats (Macrochyroptera). People were caused threatened both direct and indirect toward the V. indicus existence.

Key words: diversities, ecology, Varanus indicus, Papaya island, Nabire, Papua.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.7

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Diversity of Parasitoid Lepidopterans Larvae on Brassicaceae in West Sumatra

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Diversity of Parasitoid Lepidopterans Larvae on Brassicaceae in West Sumatra

NOVRI NELLY♥, RUSDI RUSLI, YAHERWANDI, FENI YUSMARIKA

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University (UNAND), Limau Manis, Padang 25163, West Sumatra, Indonesia,

Tel. +62-751-7059580, Fax.: +62-751-7270, e-mail: novrinelly@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Nelly N, Rusli R, Yaherwandi, Yusmarika F (2010) Diversity of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Biodiversitas 11: 93-96. Diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae was conducted in several Brassicaceae areas in West Sumatra. The objective of the research was to study the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Sampling was conducted on Brassicaceae plants: cabbage, cauliflower, petsai and sawi. It was taken five samples in every plot, by using W method. Collection technique was done by direct collecting larvae, by using yellow trap and insect net. Adult of parasitoids was identified until family. The result of the research indicated that there was the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans, the highest diversity was found on sawi. The number of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae found was 566, 83 species, 9 families. The degree of parasitation on the three plants was low.

Key words: Brassicaceae, diversity of parasitoid, Lepidoptera.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.11

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Hubungan Keragaman Fitoplankton dengan Kualitas Air di Pulau Bauluang, kabupaten Takalar, Sulawesi Selatan

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Relationship Bbetween Phytoplankton Diversity and Water Quality of Bauluang Island in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi

ANDI MARSAMBUANA PIRZAN, PETRUS RANI PONG-MASAK

Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau, Maros 90512.

ABSTRACT

Phytoplankton can be used as indicator of waters environment quality. This research was conducted in Bauluang Island waters of Takalar Regency of South Sulawesi. The aims of this research were study the richness and stabilization of Bauluang Island waters by analysis of phytoplankton diversity and their relationship of waters quality. Plankton net no. 25 was used to phytoplankton collection then it was preserved in MAF solution. Identification of phytoplankton was conducted until species level and counting cell method was used to calculate their population density. Varies phytoplankton density at the range of 470-2,680 ind./L and species at the range of 5-20 species. Phytoplankton stabilization was moderate while phytoplankton evenness was spread. Correlation (r) of phytoplankton diversity with alkalinity and total organic matter was 0.61 respectively.

Keywords: diversity, phytoplankton, water quality, Bauluang Island.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.9

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Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated with The Banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia

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Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated with The Banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia

ERNIWATI, ROSICHON UBAIDILLAH♥

Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor

16911, West Java, Indonesia. Tel. +62-21-8765056. Fax. +62-21-8765068. ♥email: ubaidillah003@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Erniwati, Ubaidillah R (2011) Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 76-85. Hymenopteran parasitoids of banana-skipper Erionota thrax L. (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Java, Indonesia are reviewed and an illustrated key to 12 species is presented to include Theronia zebra zebra, Xanthopimpla gamsura, Casinaria sp., Charops sp., Cotesia (Apanteles) erionotae, Brachymeria lasus, B. thracis, Ooencyrtus pallidipes, Anastatus sp., Pediobius erionotae, Agiommatus sumatraensis and Sympiesis sp. The surveys of the natural enemies of the banana-skipper were conducted in 1990-2006 in several localities in Java. The aim of this study was to assess the native natural enemies of E. thrax, especially the parasitic Hymenoptera. Infested eggs, larvae and pupae of E. thrax were collected and reared in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids were preserved in both dry mounting and in 80% alcohol for the species identification. Members of families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Chalcididae, Eupelmidae and Eulophidae were recorded as parasitoids of the banana skipper E. thrax from Java, Indonesia. Species distribution and alternative hosts of the parasitoids are presented.

Key words: Hymenoptera, parasitoids, banana skipper, Erionota thrax, identification key, distribution.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.12

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Inventarisasi Jenis dan Potensi Moluska Padang Lamun di Kepulauan Kei Kecil, Maluku Tenggara

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The Inventory of Mollusc Species and Its Potent on Seagrass Bed in Kei Kecil Islands, Southeast Moluccas

AGUS KUSNADI, TEDDY TRIANDIZA, UDHI EKO HERNAWAN♥

UPT. Loka Konservasi Biota Laut, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Tual-Maluku Tenggara 97611

ABSTRACT

Inventory of mollusk species and its potential on sea grass bed in Kei Kecil islands, Southeast Moluccas have been conducted by using quadrate-transect line method. The study was carried out in February-August 2007. There were 103 species of mollusk observed, 80 species belong to gastropods and 23 belong to bivalves. From the total species, 72 of them were reported as the potential species and the others still unknown. Most of potential group was used as food resources (55 species) and other species were potential as decoration, souvenir, ornament, and accessories (31 species). Some species were potential for building material, knife tool, barter tool and bioactive compounds. The top shells (Trochus niloticus), the giant clams (Tridacna spp. and Hippopus hippopus) and the abalone (Haliotis spp.) were the major trading commodities for shellfish fisheries.

Key words: inventory, mollusk, potency, Kei Kecil.

Sumber: Journal of Biological Diversity, Vol.9

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